Stocks

Individual company stocks carry significantly more risk than global ETFs and require time for analysis. For most investors, the optimal approach is 80–90% of portfolio in diversified ETFs and no more than 10–20% in individual stocks (Core-Satellite model). Buying stocks without fundamental analysis is equivalent to speculation, not investing [1].

What a Stock Is

A stock (German: Aktie) is an ownership share in a company. Stock owners receive three main rights:

1. Right to dividends — a portion of company profits distributed to shareholders.
2. Right to capital growth — if the company grows, stock value increases.
3. Voting rights — participation in decisions at shareholder meetings (German: Hauptversammlung) [2].

In Germany, stocks are traded on exchanges, the largest being Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse (Frankfurt Stock Exchange) [3].

Individual Stocks vs ETF

Historically about 90% of active investors underperform indexes over 15 years [4]. This doesn't mean individual company stocks are a bad choice, but it's important to understand the trade-off between control and diversification.

Criterion	Individual Stocks	ETF
Diversification	5–20 companies (typical)	500–3000 companies in one ETF
Bankruptcy risk	One company can go to zero	Index doesn't go to zero
Time for analysis	10–20 hours per company [5]	Not required
Growth potential	Higher (and drop risk higher)	Average market return
Psychological burden	High (volatility, news)	Low
Suitable for	Experience in analysis + interest in companies	Most investors

If You Decide to Buy Stocks

Psychological Note

Buying individual stocks activates different emotional reactions than owning ETFs. You see news about specific companies, track quarterly reports, experience every 10–15% drop. This is normal, but requires awareness: if you're not ready for individual company volatility (±30% per year is standard), better to stay in ETFs [6].

Core-Satellite Model

Classic approach for risk reduction:

• Core (80–90%): Global ETF (MSCI World, FTSE All-World) — stable portfolio base.
• Satellite (10–20%): Individual stocks — opportunity for experiments and potentially higher returns [7].

This maintains diversification while allowing you to invest in companies you know or believe are promising.

Company Analysis Criteria

Analysis of an individual stock includes at minimum five core metrics:

Metric	Description	What to Look For
P/E Ratio (Price-to-Earnings)	Stock price / annual earnings per share	P/E under 15 — undervalued (caution: may be reason), over 30 — overvalued or growth expectations [8]
Dividend Yield	Annual dividends / stock price	2–4% — stable companies, over 6% — risk of dividend cuts [9]
Revenue Growth	Sales growth (%)	Stable 5–10% annual growth — sign of healthy company
Debt-to-Equity	Debt / equity	Under 1.0 — low debt, over 2.0 — high risk in crisis [10]
Moat (economic moat)	Competitive advantages	Brand, patents, network effect, low costs — barriers to competitors [11]

Important: No single metric gives the complete picture. Company analysis requires studying annual reports (German: Geschäftsbericht), industry context, and macroeconomic factors.

German Specifics

Dividends

German companies traditionally pay dividends once a year (usually a few days after the annual shareholder meeting), unlike American companies that pay quarterly [12].

Taxation:

• 25% Abgeltungsteuer (investment income tax) withheld automatically by broker.
• Plus 5.5% Solidaritätszuschlag (solidarity surcharge) on the tax amount.
• Total: 26.375% withheld on payment [13].
• Sparerpauschbetrag — exemption of €1000 (€2000 for married couples) applied automatically with Freistellungsauftrag (exemption order).

German Indices

Three main German market indices (as of 2025):

Index	Description	Number of Companies
DAX 40	Deutscher Aktienindex — 40 largest German companies (Siemens, SAP, Volkswagen, Deutsche Telekom, etc.) [14]	40
MDAX	Mid-Cap DAX — medium capitalization companies (next in size after DAX) [15]	50
SDAX	Small-Cap DAX — small companies [16]	70

Important: DAX is a total return index (Performance Index), meaning it includes reinvested dividends, unlike most global indices (e.g., S&P 500 is a Price Index) [17].

Common Beginner Mistakes

Behavioral Traps

1. Insufficient diversification — owning 1–3 stocks. Risk of one company bankruptcy zeros out portfolio. Minimum 15–20 companies from different sectors to reduce risk [18].

2. Buying on news — when news hits media, market has already reacted. Research shows retail investors buy at peak of interest and sell at bottom of panic [19].

3. Trying to catch bottom or top — market timing doesn't work even for professionals. Best time to enter is now, if investment horizon is 10+ years [20].

4. Investing money you might need in next 3–5 years — stocks are volatile, and forced sale at a loss locks in losses.

5. Emotional decisions — panic selling on 20% drop or euphoric buying on rally. Decisions should be based on company analysis, not emotions [21].

When to Choose ETFs, When Stocks

ETFs Are Suitable If

• You want to invest but don't want to study company financial reports.
• You don't have time for regular analysis (10+ hours per month).
• You're looking for a simple solution with low fees.
• You prefer passive income without active management.

Statistics: 88% of active funds (professionals!) underperform the S&P 500 index over 15 years [22]. For retail investors, probability of beating the index is even lower.

Individual Stocks Are Suitable If

• You're interested in fundamental company analysis.
• You're willing to spend 10–20 hours per month studying reports and news.
• You understand you may underperform the index, but are willing to accept this for potentially higher returns.
• This is no more than 20% of your portfolio (rest in ETFs for diversification).

Honestly: If you're choosing stocks because "it's more interesting," allocate 5–10% of portfolio to this. Keep the rest in ETFs. This gives you both learning and security [23].

Sources

1. Bogle, J. (2017). The Little Book of Common Sense Investing. Wiley. — Classic work by Vanguard founder on advantages of passive investing.
2. Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin). Aktien: Rechte und Pflichten. https://www.bafin.de — Official information on shareholder rights in Germany.
3. Deutsche Börse Group. Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse. https://www.deutsche-boerse.com — Information on Germany's largest exchange.
4. S&P Dow Jones Indices. (2024). SPIVA U.S. Scorecard Year-End 2023. https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/research-insights/spiva/ — Research showing active fund results vs indices.
5. Graham, B., Zweig, J. (2006). The Intelligent Investor. HarperBusiness. — Benjamin Graham on time needed for company analysis.
6. Kahneman, D., Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291. — Research on psychology of decision-making under risk.
7. Fidelity Investments. (2021). Core-Satellite Investing Strategy. https://www.fidelity.com — Description of Core-Satellite model for portfolio construction.
8. Damodaran, A. P/E Ratios and Stock Valuation. NYU Stern School of Business. https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/ — NYU finance professor on P/E ratio application.
9. Dividend.com. (2024). Dividend Yield Analysis. https://www.dividend.com — Company dividend yield statistics.
10. Corporate Finance Institute. Debt-to-Equity Ratio. https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com — Explanation of debt burden metric.
11. Morningstar. Economic Moat Rating Methodology. https://www.morningstar.com — Methodology for assessing company competitive advantages.
12. Deutsche Börse. Dividend Calendar 2025. https://www.boerse-frankfurt.de — German company dividend payment calendar.
13. Bundesministerium der Finanzen. Abgeltungsteuer auf Kapitalerträge. https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de — Official information on investment income tax (current as of 2025).
14. Deutsche Börse. DAX 40 Factsheet. https://www.dax-indices.com — DAX index composition and methodology.
15. Deutsche Börse. MDAX Index Overview. https://www.dax-indices.com — MDAX information.
16. Deutsche Börse. SDAX Index Overview. https://www.dax-indices.com — SDAX information.
17. S&P Dow Jones Indices. Price Return vs Total Return Indices. https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/ — Differences between price and total return indices.
18. Statman, M. (1987). How Many Stocks Make a Diversified Portfolio? Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 22(3), 353–363. — Research on number of stocks needed for diversification.
19. Barber, B., Odean, T. (2000). Trading Is Hazardous to Your Wealth. Journal of Finance, 55(2), 773–806. — Classic research on retail investor behavior.
20. Zweig, J. (2007). Your Money and Your Brain. Simon & Schuster. — On psychology of investment decisions.
21. Thaler, R. (2015). Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics. W. W. Norton & Company. — Nobel laureate on behavioral investor errors.
22. S&P Dow Jones Indices. (2024). SPIVA U.S. Scorecard. https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/research-insights/spiva/
23. Malkiel, B. G. (2019). A Random Walk Down Wall Street. W. W. Norton & Company. — On passive investing and market efficiency.